1848

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1848_Revolutions

1848 was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar.

The Revolutions of 1848, a series of widespread but mostly failed struggles for more liberal governments, from Brazil to Hungary.

January 3 - Joseph Jenkins Roberts is sworn in as the first president of the independent African Republic of Liberia.
January 12 - The Palermo rising in Sicily rises against the Bourbon kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
January 24 - California Gold Rush: James W. Marshall finds gold at Sutter's Mill, in Coloma, near Sacramento.
January 24 - The Storming of the Venezuelan National Congress takes place.
January 26 - Henry David Thoreau addresses the Concord Lyceum with "The Rights and Duties of the Individual in Relation to Government" (which later came to be known as Civil disobedience).

February 2 - Mexican–American War: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is signed, ending the war.
February 2 - California Gold Rush: The first ship with Chinese emigrants seeking fortune in California's gold country arrive in San Francisco.
February 19 - First rescue party reaches the Donner Party, a convoy of settlers almost buried under snow near what is now the Donner Lake. They have eaten everything, including their own dead.
February 21 - Karl Marx publishes The Communist Manifesto.
February 22 - In Paris, revolt erupts against the king Louis Philippe. Two days later he abdicates, leading to the Second Republic.

March 4 - Carlo Alberto di Savoia signs the Statuto Albertino that will represent the first constitution of the Regno d'Italia.
March 7 - The Great Mahele (land division) is signed in Hawaii.
March 10 - The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is ratified by the United States Senate, ending the Mexican–American War.
March 15 - Revolution breaks out in Pest, Hungary. The Habsburg rulers are compelled to meet the demands of the Reform party.
March 18-19, Marsoroligheterna, in Stockholm, Sweden. Demonstrations outside the Royal Castle, where revolutionaries demands reforms, among them that Sweden becomes a republic. The Swedish king, Oscar I gives the guards order to shoot at the demonstartors.
March 20 - King Ludwig I of Bavaria abdicates.
March 23 - Province of Otago in New Zealand is founded.
March 29 - An upstream ice jam stops almost all water flow over Niagara Falls for 30 hours.

April 10 Chartist 'Monster Rally' held in Kennington Park London, headed by Feargus O'Connor. A petition demanding the franchise is presented to parliament.
April 10 - Bridge collapses in Yarmouth, England, leaving 250 dead.

August 17 - Yucatán officially united with Mexico.
August 19 - California Gold Rush: The New York Herald breaks the news to the East Coast of the United States, that there is a gold rush in California (although the rush started in January).
August 28 - Mathieu Luis, first black member joins the French parliament as a representative of Guadaloupe.

September 12 - One of the few successes of the Revolutions of 1848, the Swiss Federal Constitution, patterned on the US Constitution, enters into force, creating a federal republic and one of the first modern democratic states in Europe.

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