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1709 (MDCCIX) was the year in which many European events happened:
Events
- January 12 - Two-month freezing period begins in France - The coast of the Atlantic and Seine River freeze, crops fail and at least 24.000 Parisians die
- February 2 - Alexander Selkirk is rescued from shipwreck on a desert island, inspiring the book Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe
- June 27- Peter the Great defeats Charles XII of Sweden at the Battle of Poltava.
- July 8 - Battle of Poltava - In the Ukraine, Peter I of Russia defeats Charles XII of Sweden at Poltava thus effectively ending Sweden's role as a major power in Europe
- August 8 - Hot air balloon of Bartholome de Gusmao flies in Portugal
- September 11 - Battle of Malplaquet - Great Britain, Netherlands and Austria defeat France
- October 12 - The City of Chihuahua, México is founded.
- Emperor Nakamikado ascends to the throne of Japan
- Teofania di Adamo, inventor of the poison Aqua Tofana, is executed in Naples, Italy
- Trinity School is founded as the Charity School of Trinity Church in New York City.
Ongoing events
Births
- February 24 - Jacques de Vaucanson, French inventor (d. 1782)
- March 10 - Georg Steller, German naturalist (d. 1746)
- August 7 - Jean-Jacques Lefranc, marquis de Pompignan, French poet (d. 1784)
- August 8 - Tokugawa Ietsugu, 7th Tokugawa Shogunate of Japan (d. 1716)
- September 18 - Samuel Johnson, English writer and lexicographer (d. 1784)
- November 2 - Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange, (d. 1759)
- December 18 - Elizabeth of Russia, reigning Empress of Russia (d. 1762)
- John Cleland, English novelist (d. 1789)
- Charles Collé, French dramatist (d. 1783)
Deaths
- January 16 - Emperor Higashiyama of Japan (b. 1675)
- January 20 - François de la Chaise, French confessor of Louis XIV of France (b. 1624)
- January 24 - George Rooke, English admiral (b. 1650)
- February 8 - Giuseppe Torelli, Italian composer (b. 1658)
- February 9 - François Louis, Prince of Conti, French general (b. 1664)
- March 9 - Ralph Montagu, 1st Duke of Montagu, English diplomat
- June 30 - Edward Llwyd, Welsh scientist (b. 1660)
- July 17 - Robert Bolling, English settler in Virginia (b. 1646)
- September 14 - Luis Manuel Fernández de Portocarrero, Spanish cardinal and archbishop of Toledo (b. 1635)
- October 9 - Barbara Palmer, 1st Duchess of Cleveland, English mistress of Charles II of England (b. 1640)
- December 1 - Abraham a Sancta Clara, Austrian preacher (b. 1644)
- December 8 - Thomas Corneille, French dramatist (b. 1625)
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"1709"